JavaScript (ES6)

Use Proxy to catch roman numerals.

// Convert roman numeral to integer.
// Borrowed from http://codegolf.stackexchange.com/a/20702/10920
var toDecimal = (s) => {
  var n = 0;
  var X = {
    M: 1e3, CM: 900, D: 500, CD: 400, C: 100, XC: 90, 
    L: 50,  XL: 40,  X: 10,  IX: 9,   V: 5,   IV: 4,  I: 1
  };

  s.replace(/[MDLV]|C[MD]?|X[CL]?|I[XV]?/g, (d) => n += X[d]);
  return n;
};

// Whether a string is a valid roman numeral.
var isRoman = (s) => s.match(/^[MDCLXVI]+$/);

// Profixy global environment to catch roman numerals.
// Since it uses `this`, global definitions are still accessible.
var romanEnv = new Proxy(this, {
  get: (target, name) => isRoman(name) ? toDecimal(name) : target[name],
  set: (target, name, value) => isRoman(name) ? undefined : (target[name] = value),
  has: (target, name) => isRoman(name) || name in target,
  hasOwn: (target, name) => name in target
});

Usage:

with (romanEnv) {
  var i = MIV + XLVIII;
  console.log(i); // 1052
}

JavaScript (ES6)

Use Proxy to catch roman numerals.

Testable in Firefox (latest) on JSFiddle.
Not testable in Chrome (with Traceur) since Proxy implementation is broken.

// Convert roman numeral to integer.
// Borrowed from http://codegolf.stackexchange.com/a/20702/10920
var toDecimal = (s) => {
  var n = 0;
  var X = {
    M: 1e3, CM: 900, D: 500, CD: 400, C: 100, XC: 90, 
    L: 50,  XL: 40,  X: 10,  IX: 9,   V: 5,   IV: 4,  I: 1
  };

  s.replace(/[MDLV]|C[MD]?|X[CL]?|I[XV]?/g, (d) => n += X[d]);
  return n;
};

// Whether a string is a valid roman numeral.
var isRoman = (s) => s.match(/^[MDCLXVI]+$/);

// Profixy global environment to catch roman numerals.
// Since it uses `this`, global definitions are still accessible.
var romanEnv = new Proxy(this, {
  get: (target, name) => isRoman(name) ? toDecimal(name) : target[name],
  set: (target, name, value) => isRoman(name) ? undefined : (target[name] = value),
  has: (target, name) => isRoman(name) || name in target,
  hasOwn: (target, name) => name in target
});

Usage:

with (romanEnv) {
  var i = MIV + XLVIII;
  console.log(i); // 1052
}