Java defaults to using GDI (AWT, Swing). JavaFX supposedly will be ablewill be able to make use of OpenGL in future. Java + LWJGL (an OpenGL wrapper that accesses native opengl32.dll via JNI) provides more direct hardware-accelerated support for Java.
Flash Player 11 onward made use of OpenGL via Stage3D. Without using Stage3D, it is using a software renderer built to work within the browser. All browser output gets routed through the selected desktop renderer, which may be either GDI / software or hardware accelerated, dependent on user display settings.
Unity uses OpenGL as well, since you are asking about "all languages". Python uses GDI unless PyOpenGL, DirectPython or similar is explicitly used instead. Native instructions via e.g. C or Assembly again use either GDI or access OpenGL / DirectX directly. Back in the days of Glide, it was a similar story; a DLL provided API access to the underlying graphics hardware.