An introduction to NumPy¶

Init signature: np.ndarray(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
Docstring:     
ndarray(shape, dtype=float, buffer=None, offset=0,
        strides=None, order=None)

An array object represents a multidimensional, homogeneous array
of fixed-size items.  An associated data-type object describes the
format of each element in the array (its byte-order, how many bytes it
occupies in memory, whether it is an integer, a floating point number,
or something else, etc.)

Arrays should be constructed using `array`, `zeros` or `empty` (refer
to the See Also section below).  The parameters given here refer to
a low-level method (`ndarray(...)`) for instantiating an array.

For more information, refer to the `numpy` module and examine the
methods and attributes of an array.

Parameters
----------
(for the __new__ method; see Notes below)

shape : tuple of ints
    Shape of created array.
dtype : data-type, optional
    Any object that can be interpreted as a numpy data type.
buffer : object exposing buffer interface, optional
    Used to fill the array with data.
offset : int, optional
    Offset of array data in buffer.
strides : tuple of ints, optional
    Strides of data in memory.
order : {'C', 'F'}, optional
    Row-major (C-style) or column-major (Fortran-style) order.

Attributes
----------
T : ndarray
    Transpose of the array.
data : buffer
    The array's elements, in memory.
dtype : dtype object
    Describes the format of the elements in the array.
flags : dict
    Dictionary containing information related to memory use, e.g.,
    'C_CONTIGUOUS', 'OWNDATA', 'WRITEABLE', etc.
flat : numpy.flatiter object
    Flattened version of the array as an iterator.  The iterator
    allows assignments, e.g., ``x.flat = 3`` (See `ndarray.flat` for
    assignment examples; TODO).
imag : ndarray
    Imaginary part of the array.
real : ndarray
    Real part of the array.
size : int
    Number of elements in the array.
itemsize : int
    The memory use of each array element in bytes.
nbytes : int
    The total number of bytes required to store the array data,
    i.e., ``itemsize * size``.
ndim : int
    The array's number of dimensions.
shape : tuple of ints
    Shape of the array.
strides : tuple of ints
    The step-size required to move from one element to the next in
    memory. For example, a contiguous ``(3, 4)`` array of type
    ``int16`` in C-order has strides ``(8, 2)``.  This implies that
    to move from element to element in memory requires jumps of 2 bytes.
    To move from row-to-row, one needs to jump 8 bytes at a time
    (``2 * 4``).
ctypes : ctypes object
    Class containing properties of the array needed for interaction
    with ctypes.
base : ndarray
    If the array is a view into another array, that array is its `base`
    (unless that array is also a view).  The `base` array is where the
    array data is actually stored.

See Also
--------
array : Construct an array.
zeros : Create an array, each element of which is zero.
empty : Create an array, but leave its allocated memory unchanged (i.e.,
        it contains "garbage").
dtype : Create a data-type.

Notes
-----
There are two modes of creating an array using ``__new__``:

1. If `buffer` is None, then only `shape`, `dtype`, and `order`
   are used.
2. If `buffer` is an object exposing the buffer interface, then
   all keywords are interpreted.

No ``__init__`` method is needed because the array is fully initialized
after the ``__new__`` method.

Examples
--------
These examples illustrate the low-level `ndarray` constructor.  Refer
to the `See Also` section above for easier ways of constructing an
ndarray.

First mode, `buffer` is None:

>>> np.ndarray(shape=(2,2), dtype=float, order='F')
array([[ -1.13698227e+002,   4.25087011e-303],
       [  2.88528414e-306,   3.27025015e-309]])         #random

Second mode:

>>> np.ndarray((2,), buffer=np.array([1,2,3]),
...            offset=np.int_().itemsize,
...            dtype=int) # offset = 1*itemsize, i.e. skip first element
array([2, 3])
File:           ~/anaconda3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/numpy/__init__.py
Type:           type

Help on built-in function array in module numpy.core.multiarray:

array(...)
    array(object, dtype=None, copy=True, order='K', subok=False, ndmin=0)
    
    Create an array.
    
    Parameters
    ----------
    object : array_like
        An array, any object exposing the array interface, an object whose
        __array__ method returns an array, or any (nested) sequence.
    dtype : data-type, optional
        The desired data-type for the array.  If not given, then the type will
        be determined as the minimum type required to hold the objects in the
        sequence.  This argument can only be used to 'upcast' the array.  For
        downcasting, use the .astype(t) method.
    copy : bool, optional
        If true (default), then the object is copied.  Otherwise, a copy will
        only be made if __array__ returns a copy, if obj is a nested sequence,
        or if a copy is needed to satisfy any of the other requirements
        (`dtype`, `order`, etc.).
    order : {'K', 'A', 'C', 'F'}, optional
        Specify the memory layout of the array. If object is not an array, the
        newly created array will be in C order (row major) unless 'F' is
        specified, in which case it will be in Fortran order (column major).
        If object is an array the following holds.
    
        ===== ========= ===================================================
        order  no copy                     copy=True
        ===== ========= ===================================================
        'K'   unchanged F & C order preserved, otherwise most similar order
        'A'   unchanged F order if input is F and not C, otherwise C order
        'C'   C order   C order
        'F'   F order   F order
        ===== ========= ===================================================
    
        When ``copy=False`` and a copy is made for other reasons, the result is
        the same as if ``copy=True``, with some exceptions for `A`, see the
        Notes section. The default order is 'K'.
    subok : bool, optional
        If True, then sub-classes will be passed-through, otherwise
        the returned array will be forced to be a base-class array (default).
    ndmin : int, optional
        Specifies the minimum number of dimensions that the resulting
        array should have.  Ones will be pre-pended to the shape as
        needed to meet this requirement.
    
    Returns
    -------
    out : ndarray
        An array object satisfying the specified requirements.
    
    See Also
    --------
    empty_like : Return an empty array with shape and type of input.
    ones_like : Return an array of ones with shape and type of input.
    zeros_like : Return an array of zeros with shape and type of input.
    full_like : Return a new array with shape of input filled with value.
    empty : Return a new uninitialized array.
    ones : Return a new array setting values to one.
    zeros : Return a new array setting values to zero.
    full : Return a new array of given shape filled with value.
    
    
    Notes
    -----
    When order is 'A' and `object` is an array in neither 'C' nor 'F' order,
    and a copy is forced by a change in dtype, then the order of the result is
    not necessarily 'C' as expected. This is likely a bug.
    
    Examples
    --------
    >>> np.array([1, 2, 3])
    array([1, 2, 3])
    
    Upcasting:
    
    >>> np.array([1, 2, 3.0])
    array([ 1.,  2.,  3.])
    
    More than one dimension:
    
    >>> np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
    array([[1, 2],
           [3, 4]])
    
    Minimum dimensions 2:
    
    >>> np.array([1, 2, 3], ndmin=2)
    array([[1, 2, 3]])
    
    Type provided:
    
    >>> np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype=complex)
    array([ 1.+0.j,  2.+0.j,  3.+0.j])
    
    Data-type consisting of more than one element:
    
    >>> x = np.array([(1,2),(3,4)],dtype=[('a','<i4'),('b','<i4')])
    >>> x['a']
    array([1, 3])
    
    Creating an array from sub-classes:
    
    >>> np.array(np.mat('1 2; 3 4'))
    array([[1, 2],
           [3, 4]])
    
    >>> np.array(np.mat('1 2; 3 4'), subok=True)
    matrix([[1, 2],
            [3, 4]])

total dimensions of the array is:  3
the shape of the array is:  (2, 3, 4)
total number of items is:  24
memory consumed by each item is:  8
total memory consumed by the whole array is:  192

persist/random-array.npy: data

(5,) (4, 5)

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ValueError                                Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-128-fdd4bd9e9622> in <module>
      1 # else no broadcasting will happen and an error is thrown
      2 
----> 3 vec[:, None] * arr

ValueError: operands could not be broadcast together with shapes (5,1) (4,5) 

(5, 4) (4, 5)

shapes:  (4, 5) (5,)

shapes:  (1, 5) (5, 1)

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ValueError                                Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-147-489043f2ba8f> in <module>
      1 v1 = np.array([-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3])
      2 
----> 3 Theta(v1)

<ipython-input-146-d160bfd9c2b9> in Theta(x)
      3     scalar implementation of the Heaviside step function.
      4     """
----> 5     if x >= 0:
      6         return 1
      7     else:

ValueError: The truth value of an array with more than one element is ambiguous. Use a.any() or a.all()