复杂的数据库操作,尤其是涉及事务的操作,可能引发难以排查的死锁或数据不一致。
Copilot 对话助手 可识别事务中可能出现锁定或死锁的位置,并提供事务隔离级别或死锁处理的最佳实践建议,例如调整锁策略或更优雅地处理死锁异常。
注意
本文中显示的响应是示例。 Copilot 对话助手 的回答是不确定的,因此你可能会得到与这里所显示的不同的回答。
避免对相互依赖的行进行并发更新
当两个或更多事务以不同顺序更新同一表中的行时,会造成循环等待。
示例方案
下面的 SQL 片段先更新表中的某一行,然后执行一个耗时数秒的操作,再更新同一表中的另一行。 这存在问题,因为事务会在完成前将第 id = 1 行锁定数秒,之后才会释放锁定。 如果在此期间另一个事务启动,并执行类似操作,但它先锁定 id = 2 行以便进行更新,随后再尝试锁定 id = 1 行,那么两个事务都会互相等待对方完成,从而导致死锁。
BEGIN TRANSACTION;
UPDATE my_table SET value = 'Some value' WHERE id = 301;
-- Simulate a process taking 5 seconds:
WAITFOR DELAY '00:00:05';
UPDATE my_table SET value = 'Another value' WHERE id = 127;
COMMIT TRANSACTION;
示例提示 1
可以检查该事务是否存在问题。
在编辑器中选择事务代码,然后向 Copilot 对话助手 查询:
Is this transaction good?
BEGIN TRANSACTION; UPDATE my_table SET value = 'Some value' WHERE id = 301; -- Simulate a process taking 5 seconds: WAITFOR DELAY '00:00:05'; UPDATE my_table SET value = 'Another value' WHERE id = 127; COMMIT TRANSACTION; Is this transaction good?
Is this transaction good?
示例响应 1
Copilot 表示“你的 SQL 事务整体上没有问题”,但列出了需考虑的点:锁持续时间、错误处理和并发性。 它指出“该事务持有锁的时间较长,可能导致阻塞或死锁。” 响应中还给出了加入错误处理的修订代码。
在此场景中,你选择暂不添加错误处理。 当前,你希望解决潜在的死锁风险。
示例提示 2
输入以下跟进提示:
How can I rewrite this code to reduce the chance of deadlock to a minimum while not adversely affecting performance. Tell me anything else I can do to avoid a deadlock. Note: I don't want to add error handling at this time.
BEGIN TRANSACTION; UPDATE my_table SET value = 'Some value' WHERE id = 301; -- Simulate a process taking 5 seconds: WAITFOR DELAY '00:00:05'; UPDATE my_table SET value = 'Another value' WHERE id = 127; COMMIT TRANSACTION; How can I rewrite this code to reduce the chance of deadlock to a minimum while not adversely affecting performance. Tell me anything else I can do to avoid a deadlock. Note: I don't want to add error handling at this time.
How can I rewrite this code to reduce the chance of deadlock to a minimum while not adversely affecting performance. Tell me anything else I can do to avoid a deadlock. Note: I don't want to add error handling at this time.
示例响应 2
Copilot 提供如下建议:
**访问顺序:** 确保所有事务以相同顺序访问表和行。**保持事务简短:** 尽量缩短事务持有锁的时间。**使用合适的隔离级别:** 选择满足需求的最低隔离级别。以下是修订后的代码示例:
BEGIN TRANSACTION;
-- Update the rows in a consistent order
UPDATE my_table SET value = 'Another value' WHERE id = 127;
UPDATE my_table SET value = 'Some value' WHERE id = 301;
-- Simulate a process taking 5 seconds:
WAITFOR DELAY '00:00:05';
COMMIT TRANSACTION;
避免非索引搜索
对未建立索引的列进行搜索通常会触发表扫描。 这可能非常缓慢且消耗大量资源,从而增加了性能瓶颈出现的可能性。
示例方案
如果 some_column 未建立索引,则以下 SQL 将会触发全表扫描:
BEGIN TRANSACTION;
SELECT * FROM my_table WHERE some_column = 'some_value';
-- More actions here, then:
COMMIT TRANSACTION;
示例提示
向 Copilot 提问后,它通常会指出潜在问题。
How can I optimize this transaction?
BEGIN TRANSACTION; SELECT * FROM my_table WHERE some_column = 'some_value'; -- More actions here, then: COMMIT TRANSACTION; How can I optimize this transaction?
How can I optimize this transaction?
示例响应
Copilot 会给出建议,并指出应为该列建立索引:
为优化事务,应确保事务尽可能简短,以减少锁定并提升性能。 下面是一些提示:
**尽量减少事务中的工作量:** 仅将必要的操作包含在事务中。**使用合适的索引:** 确保 WHERE 子句使用的列已建立索引。**避免长时间运行的事务:** 保持事务尽量简短,以减少锁竞争。
回复中提供的代码示例包含了建立索引的 SQL 命令:
`CREATE INDEX idx_some_column ON my_table(some_column);`
避免长期运行的事务
避免执行长时间运行的查询或事务,因为它们会严重影响性能并对其他操作造成瓶颈。 此外,它们还会消耗大量内存和日志空间,使应用程序在高负载环境中更容易出现故障。
示例方案
以下 SQL 在 target_table 中创建新行,其中新行的数据来自 source_table 中满足特定条件的行的部分字段。 如果 source_table 非常大,则可能会导致事务运行时间过长。
BEGIN TRANSACTION;
INSERT INTO target_table (first_name, last_name, email, dept, role, hire_date)
SELECT first_name, last_name, email, department, job_title, start_date
FROM source_table
WHERE (department = 'Engineering' AND (salary > 95000 OR grade > 5))
OR (department = 'Marketing' AND performance_rating = 'Excellent');
COMMIT;
示例提示
可以向 Copilot 咨询是否能避免长时间运行的事务。
source_table is an extremely large table. Without altering the table, how can I ensure this SQL doesn't become a long-running query, that blocks other operations?
BEGIN TRANSACTION; INSERT INTO target_table (first_name, last_name, email, dept, role, hire_date) SELECT first_name, last_name, email, department, job_title, start_date FROM source_table WHERE (department = 'Engineering' AND (salary > 95000 OR grade > 5)) OR (department = 'Marketing' AND performance_rating = 'Excellent'); COMMIT; source_table is an extremely large table. Without altering the table, how can I ensure this SQL doesn't become a long-running query, that blocks other operations?
source_table is an extremely large table. Without altering the table, how can I ensure this SQL doesn't become a long-running query, that blocks other operations?
示例响应
Copilot 建议采取以下策略:
-
**分批处理:** 将数据分批处理,而不是在一个大型事务中一次性完成。 可通过使用循环并设置 limit 与 offset 实现。 -
**编制索引:** 确保 `WHERE` 子句中使用的列(`department`、`salary`、`grade` 和 `performance_rating`)已建立索引以加速查询。 -
**锁定策略:** 使用行级锁定以避免锁住整个表。
它提供了以下示例,说明如何实现分批处理。 此 SQL 每次处理 1000 行,降低数据库负载并避免长时间运行的事务。
DECLARE @BatchSize INT = 1000;
DECLARE @Offset INT = 0;
DECLARE @RowCount INT;
SET @RowCount = @BatchSize;
WHILE @RowCount = @BatchSize
BEGIN
BEGIN TRANSACTION;
INSERT INTO target_table (first_name, last_name, email, dept, role, hire_date)
SELECT first_name, last_name, email, department, job_title, start_date
FROM source_table
WHERE (department = 'Engineering' AND salary > 95000)
OR (department = 'Engineering' AND years_of_experience > 5)
OR (department = 'Marketing' AND performance_rating = 'Excellent');
ORDER BY primary_key_column
OFFSET @Offset ROWS FETCH NEXT @BatchSize ROWS ONLY;
SET @RowCount = @@ROWCOUNT;
SET @Offset = @Offset + @BatchSize;
COMMIT;
END;
Copilot 提醒你将示例代码中的 primary_key_column 替换为 source_table 的实际主键列名。
避免数据完整性问题
保持数据库内数据的准确性、一致性和完整性至关重要。 设计不佳的查询可能导致数据缺失或错误。
示例方案
以下 SQL 事务会删除一条员工记录并写入一条删除日志。 然而,可能出现 DELETE 成功但 INSERT 失败的情况,导致删除操作没有日志记录。
BEGIN TRANSACTION;
DELETE FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 101;
INSERT INTO deletion_log (employee_id, deletion_date, reason)
VALUES (101, GETDATE(), 'Voluntary Resignation');
COMMIT TRANSACTION;
示例提示
How can I ensure that the DELETE and INSERT operations are only performed if both succeed?
BEGIN TRANSACTION; DELETE FROM employees WHERE employee_id = 101; INSERT INTO deletion_log (employee_id, deletion_date, reason) VALUES (101, GETDATE(), 'Voluntary Resignation'); COMMIT TRANSACTION; How can I ensure that the DELETE and INSERT operations are only performed if both succeed?
How can I ensure that the DELETE and INSERT operations are only performed if both succeed?
示例响应
Copilot 告诉你可以通过使用带有错误处理的事务来实现这一点。 以下是使用 SQL Server 的 TRY...CATCH 构造的示例:
BEGIN TRY
BEGIN TRANSACTION;
DELETE FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 101;
INSERT INTO deletion_log (employee_id, deletion_date, reason)
VALUES (101, GETDATE(), 'Voluntary Resignation');
COMMIT TRANSACTION;
END TRY
BEGIN CATCH
ROLLBACK TRANSACTION;
-- Handle the error, e.g., log it or re-throw
DECLARE @ErrorMessage NVARCHAR(4000);
DECLARE @ErrorSeverity INT;
DECLARE @ErrorState INT;
SELECT
@ErrorMessage = ERROR_MESSAGE(),
@ErrorSeverity = ERROR_SEVERITY(),
@ErrorState = ERROR_STATE();
RAISERROR (@ErrorMessage, @ErrorSeverity, @ErrorState);
END CATCH;
建议的代码可确保若 DELETE 或 INSERT 任一环节失败,事务将回滚,数据库不会发生部分更新。