man-pages 1.0prehistory-backwards

man-pages-1.1 seems to be missing. :/ Link: <https://www.win.tue.nl/~aeb/ftpdocs/linux-local/manpages.archive/> Signed-off-by: Alejandro Colomar <alx@kernel.org>
author: Krónos <Krónos@Sāturnus> 1993-10-11 00:00:00 +0100
committer: Alejandro Colomar <alx@kernel.org> 2022-12-15 23:09:38 +0100
commit: 9e0fdb0c0192079e5847f49832374ea28b5ad436 (patch)
tree: 0eb6ca406983d655aa04225550ec9f8a6c265e90 /man3/printf.3
parent: 3c23040573650f36a3f2778a3629f4ae7e6c10ab (diff)
download: man-pages-prehistory-backwards.tar.gz
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-.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1991 The Regents of the University of California.
-.\" All rights reserved.
-.\"
-.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
-.\" Chris Torek and the American National Standards Committee X3,
-.\" on Information Processing Systems.
-.\"
-.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
-.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
-.\" are met:
-.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
-.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
-.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
-.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
-.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
-.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
-.\"    must display the following acknowledgement:
-.\"	This product includes software developed by the University of
-.\"	California, Berkeley and its contributors.
-.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
-.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
-.\"    without specific prior written permission.
-.\"
-.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
-.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
-.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
-.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
-.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
-.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
-.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
-.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
-.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
-.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
-.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
-.\"
-.\"     @(#)printf.3	6.14 (Berkeley) 7/30/91
-.\"
-.\" Converted for Linux, Mon Nov 29 12:06:07 1993, faith@cs.unc.edu
-.\"
-.TH PRINTF 3  "29 November 1993" "BSD MANPAGE" "Linux Programmer's Manual"
-.SH NAME
-printf, fprintf, sprintf, vprintf, vfprintf, vsprintf \- formatted output conversion
-.SH SYNOPSIS
-.B #include <stdio.h>
-.sp
-.BI "int printf( const char *" format ", ...);"
-.br
-.BI "int fprintf( FILE *" stream ", const char *" format ", ...);"
-.br
-.BI "int sprintf( char *" str ", const char *" format ", ...);"
-.sp
-.B #include <stdarg.h>
-.sp
-.BI "int vprintf( const char *" format ", va_list " ap );
-.br
-.BI "int vfprintf( FILE *" stream ", const char *" format ", va_list " ap );
-.br
-.BI "int vsprintf( char *" str ", char *" format ", va_list " ap );
-.SH DESCRIPTION
-The
-.B printf
-family of functions produces output according to a
-.I format
-as described below.
-.B Printf
-and
-.B vprintf
-write output to
-.IR stdout ,
-the standard output stream;
-.B fprintf
-and
-.B vfprintf
-write output to the given output
-.IR stream ;
-.BR sprintf ,
-and
-.BR vsprintf
-write to the character string
-.IR  str .
-These functions write the output under the control of a
-.I format
-string that specifies how subsequent arguments (or arguments accessed via
-the variable-length argument facilities of
-.BR stdarg (3)
-are converted for output.  These functions return the number of characters
-printed (not including the trailing `\e0' used to end output to strings).
-.PP
-The format string is composed of zero or more directives: ordinary
-characters (not
-.BR % ),
-which are copied unchanged to the output stream;
-and conversion specifications, each of which results in fetching zero or
-more subsequent arguments.  Each conversion specification is introduced by
-the character
-.BR % .
-The arguments must correspond properly (after type promotion) with the
-conversion specifier.  After the
-.BR % ,
-the following appear in sequence:
-.TP
-.B \(bu
-Zero or more of the following flags:
-.RS
-.TP
-.B #
-specifying that the value should be converted to an ``alternate form''.
-For
-.BR c ,
-.BR d ,
-.BR i ,
-.BR n ,
-.BR p ,
-.BR s ,
-and
-.BR u
-conversions, this option has no effect.  For
-.BR o
-conversions, the precision of the number is increased to force the first
-character of the output string to a zero (except if a zero value is printed
-with an explicit precision of zero).
-For
-.B x
-and
-.B X
-conversions, a non-zero result has the string `0x' (or `0X' for
-.B X
-conversions) prepended to it.  For
-.BR e ,
-.BR E ,
-.BR f ,
-.BR g ,
-and
-.B G
-conversions, the result will always contain a decimal point, even if no
-digits follow it (normally, a decimal point appears in the results of those
-conversions only if a digit follows).  For
-.B g
-and
-.B G
-conversions, trailing zeros are not removed from the result as they would
-otherwise be.
-.TP
-.B \&0
-specifying zero padding.  For all conversions except
-.BR n ,
-the converted value is padded on the left with zeros rather than blanks.
-If a precision is given with a numeric conversion
-.BR "" ( d ,
-.BR i ,
-.BR o ,
-.BR u ,
-.BR i ,
-.BR x ,
-and
-.BR X ),
-the
-.B \&0
-flag is ignored.
-.TP
-.B \-
-(a negative field width flag) indicates the converted value is to be left
-adjusted on the field boundary.  Except for
-.B n
-conversions, the converted value is padded on the right with blanks, rather
-than on the left with blanks or zeros.  A
-.B \-
-overrides a
-.B \&0
-if both are given.
-.TP
-.B ""
-(a space) specifying that a blank should be left before a positive number
-produced by a signed conversion
-.BR "" ( d ,
-.BR e ,
-.BR E ,
-.BR f ,
-.BR g ,
-.BR G ,
-or
-.BR i ).
-.TP
-.B +
-specifying that a sign always be placed before a number produced by a
-signed conversion.  A
-.B +
-overrides a space if both are used.
-.RE
-.TP
-.B \(bu
-An optional decimal digit string specifying a minimum field width.  If the
-converted value has fewer characters than the field width, it will be
-padded with spaces on the left (or right, if the left-adjustment flag has
-been given) to fill out the field width.
-.TP
-.B \(bu
-An optional precision, in the form of a period (`\&.')  followed by an
-optional digit string.  If the digit string is omitted, the precision is
-taken as zero.  This gives the minimum number of digits to appear for
-.BR d ,
-.BR i ,
-.BR o ,
-.BR u ,
-.BR x ,
-and
-.B X
-conversions, the number of digits to appear after the decimal-point for
-.BR e ,
-.BR E ,
-and
-.B f
-conversions, the maximum number of significant digits for
-.B g
-and
-.B G
-conversions, or the maximum number of characters to be printed from a
-string for
-.B s
-conversions.
-.TP
-.B \(bu
-The optional character
-.BR h ,
-specifying that a following
-.BR d ,
-.BR i ,
-.BR o ,
-.BR u ,
-.BR x ,
-or
-.BR X
-conversion corresponds to a
-.I short int
-or
-.I unsigned short int
-argument, or that a following
-.B n
-conversion corresponds to a pointer to a
-.I short int
-argument.
-.TP
-.B \(bu
-The optional character
-.B l
-(ell) specifying that a following
-.BR d ,
-.BR i ,
-.BR o ,
-.BR u ,
-.BR x ,
-or
-.BR X
-conversion applies to a pointer to a
-.I long int
-or
-.I unsigned long int
-argument, or that a following
-.B n
-conversion corresponds to a pointer to a
-.I long int
-argument.
-.TP
-.B \(bu
-The character
-.BR L
-specifying that a following
-.BR e ,
-.BR E ,
-.BR f ,
-.BR g ,
-or
-.B G
-conversion corresponds to a
-.I long double
-argument.
-.TP
-.B \(bu
-A character that specifies the type of conversion to be applied.
-.PP
-A field width or precision, or both, may be indicated by an asterisk `*'
-instead of a digit string.  In this case, an
-.I int
-argument supplies the field width or precision.  A negative field width is
-treated as a left adjustment flag followed by a positive field width; a
-negative precision is treated as though it were missing.
-.PP
-The conversion specifiers and their meanings are:
-.TP
-.B diouxX
-The
-.I int
-(or appropriate variant) argument is converted to signed decimal
-.BR "" ( d
-and
-.BR i ),
-unsigned octal
-.BR "" ( o ,
-unsigned decimal
-.BR "" ( u ,
-or unsigned hexadecimal
-.BR "" ( x
-and
-.BR X )
-notation.  The letters
-.B abcdef
-are used for
-.B x
-conversions; the letters
-.B ABCDEF
-are used for
-.B X
-conversions.  The precision, if any, gives the minimum number of digits
-that must appear; if the converted value requires fewer digits, it is
-padded on the left with zeros.
-.TP
-.B DOU
-The
-.I long int
-argument is converted to signed decimal, unsigned octal, or unsigned
-decimal, as if the format had been
-.BR ld ,
-.BR lo ,
-or
-.B lu
-respectively.  These conversion characters are deprecated, and will
-eventually disappear.
-.TP
-.B eE
-The
-.I double
-argument is rounded and converted in the style
-.BR "" [\-]d \&. ddd e \\*(Pmdd
-where there is one digit before the decimal-point character and the number
-of digits after it is equal to the precision; if the precision is missing,
-it is taken as 6; if the precision is zero, no decimal-point character
-appears.  An
-.B E
-conversion uses the letter
-.B E
-(rather than
-.BR e )
-to introduce the exponent.  The exponent always contains at least two
-digits; if the value is zero, the exponent is 00.
-.TP
-.B f
-The
-.I double
-argument is rounded and converted to decimal notation in the style
-.BR "" [-]ddd \&. ddd,
-where the number of digits after the decimal-point character is equal to
-the precision specification.  If the precision is missing, it is taken as
-6; if the precision is explicitly zero, no decimal-point character appears.
-If a decimal point appears, at least one digit appears before it.
-.TP
-.B g
-The
-.I double
-argument is converted in style
-.B f
-or
-.B e
-(or
-.B E
-for
-.B G
-conversions).  The precision specifies the number of significant digits.
-If the precision is missing, 6 digits are given; if the precision is zero,
-it is treated as 1.  Style
-.B e
-is used if the exponent from its conversion is less than \-4 or greater
-than or equal to the precision.  Trailing zeros are removed from the
-fractional part of the result; a decimal point appears only if it is
-followed by at least one digit.
-.TP
-.B c
-The
-.I int
-argument is converted to an
-.IR unsigned char ,
-and the resulting character is written.
-.TP
-.B s
-The
-.IR "" `` "char *" ''
-argument is expected to be a pointer to an array of character type (pointer
-to a string).  Characters from the array are written up to (but not
-including) a terminating
-.B NUL
-character; if a precision is specified, no more than the number specified
-are written.  If a precision is given, no null character need be present;
-if the precision is not specified, or is greater than the size of the
-array, the array must contain a terminating
-.B NUL
-character.
-.TP
-.B p
-The
-.IR "" `` "void *" ''
-pointer argument is printed in hexadecimal (as if by
-.B %#x
-or
-.BR  %#lx ).
-.TP
-.B n
-The number of characters written so far is stored into the integer
-indicated by the
-.IR "" `` "int *" ''
-(or variant) pointer argument.  No argument is converted.
-.TP
-.B %
-A `%' is written. No argument is converted. The complete conversion
-specification is `%%'.
-.PP
-In no case does a non-existent or small field width cause truncation of a
-field; if the result of a conversion is wider than the field width, the
-field is expanded to contain the conversion result.
-.PP
-.SH EXAMPLES
-.br
-To print a date and time in the form `Sunday, July 3, 10:02',
-where
-.I weekday
-and
-.I month
-are pointers to strings:
-.RS
-.nf
-#include <stdio.h>
-fprintf(stdout, "%s, %s %d, %.2d:%.2d\en",
-	weekday, month, day, hour, min);
-.fi
-.RE
-.PP
-To print \*(Pi
-to five decimal places:
-.RS
-.nf
-#include <math.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
-fprintf(stdout, "pi = %.5f\en", 4 * atan(1.0));
-.fi
-.RE
-.PP
-To allocate a 128 byte string and print into it:
-.RS
-.nf
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <stdarg.h>
-char *newfmt(const char *fmt, ...)
-{
-		char *p;
-		va_list ap;
-		if ((p = malloc(128)) == NULL)
-			return (NULL);
-		va_start(ap, fmt);
-		(void) vsnprintf(p, 128, fmt, ap);
-		va_end(ap);
-		return (p);
-}
-.fi
-.RE
-.SH "SEE ALSO"
-.BR printf "(1), " scanf (3)
-.SH STANDARDS
-The
-.BR fprintf ,
-.BR printf ,
-.BR sprintf ,
-.BR vprintf ,
-.BR vfprintf ,
-and
-.B vsprintf
-functions conform to ANSI C3.159-1989 (``ANSI C'').
-.SH BUGS
-Some floating point conversions under Linux cause memory leaks.
-.PP
-The conversion formats
-.BR \&%D ,
-.BR \&%O ,
-and
-.B %U
-are not standard and are provided only for backward compatibility.  These
-may not be provided under Linux.
-.PP
-The effect of padding the
-.B %p
-format with zeros (either by the
-.B 0
-flag or by specifying a precision), and the benign effect (i.e., none) of
-the
-.B #
-flag on
-.B %n
-and
-.B %p
-conversions, as well as other nonsensical combinations such as
-.BR %Ld ,
-are not standard; such combinations should be avoided.
-.PP
-Because
-.B sprintf
-and
-.B vsprintf
-assume an infinitely long string, callers must be careful not to overflow
-the actual space; this is often impossible to assure.
author	Krónos <Krónos@Sāturnus>	1993-10-11 00:00:00 +0100
committer	Alejandro Colomar <alx@kernel.org>	2022-12-15 23:09:38 +0100
commit	9e0fdb0c0192079e5847f49832374ea28b5ad436 (patch)
tree	0eb6ca406983d655aa04225550ec9f8a6c265e90 /man3/printf.3
parent	3c23040573650f36a3f2778a3629f4ae7e6c10ab (diff)
download	man-pages-prehistory-backwards.tar.gz