In general, who says a partition belongs to a single block device? Often, it's something stretched across multiple disks using some sort of device manager, e.g. mdraid, lvm.
Anyways, if it is on a single block device:
You read /sys/block/nvme0n1/dev; this will give you a major:minor kind of information. Your "mother device" is then major:0; you can thus read /sys/dev/block/${major}:0/device to get the "canonical name" of the device.
If (and that's a strong if!) there's an entry in /dev, it's the one with the major,minor as ${major},0.