You can easily traverse the parents to find the child without changing what you already have in your form html.
JSFiddle: https://jsfiddle.net/9cgntpzf/
$(document).ready(function(){
// This will listen for changes on the checkbox
$("input[name=check_approved\\[\\]]").on('change',function(){
// This will then traverse upwards to the "tr", then find from the children
// the corresponding "remarks" input
var remarks = $(this).parents('tr').find('input[name=remarks\\[\\]]');
// This enables or disables the text box
remarks.attr('disabled',$(this).is(':checked'));
});
One note, I am under the assumption that your example is one of many in a table, that is why I have given a general method to solve the problem. If you only have one instance on your page, using a unique id would be a more direct approach.