As far as I know, if you have enable the web app's Authentication / Authorization AD login as below.

You don't need change any code. If the user want to access your web application, the azure will automatic redirect the user to AD login page.
If the user login success, then it will return a token to your application, in this token contains user's information.
Update:
I suggest you could use azure ad graph api to get the user information.
If you want to use the azure ad graph api, you need get the access token.
I suggest you could firstly access this url.
Search for your web, mobile or API app using the search bar.
Click Edit to enable making changes.
Set additionalLoginParams to the following:
["response_type=code id_token", "resource=https://graph.windows.net"]
Click the Read/Write button at the top of the page to enable making changes.
Click the PUT button to save your changes.
The result like this:

Then you could add below codes in your application to send the request with token to get the user information.
string accessToken = this.Request.Headers[
"X-MS-TOKEN-AAD-ACCESS-TOKEN"];
// Call into the Azure AD Graph API using HTTP primitives and the
// Azure AD access token.
var url = "https://graph.windows.net/me?api-version=1.6";
var request = WebRequest.CreateHttp(url);
var headerValue = "Bearer " + accessToken;
request.Headers.Add(HttpRequestHeader.Authorization, headerValue);
using (var response = request.GetResponse())
using (var streamReader = new StreamReader(response.GetResponseStream()))
{
string jsonResponse = streamReader.ReadToEnd();
Response.Write(jsonResponse);
}
This url is used to get the current user information.
https://graph.windows.net/me?api-version=1.6
If you want to get the user's group, I suggest you could change the url as below:
https://graph.windows.net/myorganization/me/$links/memberOf?api-version
More details about this api, you could refer to this article.
If you want to get the user's profile image, I suggest you could change the url as below:
https://graph.windows.net/myorganization/me/thumbnailPhoto?api-version
More details, you could refer to this article.
Notice: you need grant enough permission in your web app to enable get these value.
Image like this:
