How can I update the PostgresSQL admin password each time the Docker Container restarts, even if the data directory is none empty?
According to the Postgres Documentation the variable will have no effect on restart:
Warning: the Docker specific variables will only have an effect if you start the container with a data directory that is empty; any pre-existing database will be left untouched on container startup.
ALTER USERstatement, the same as any other PostgreSQL installation; while all of the examples there usedocker exec, you should be able to do this with any SQL client tool.